Abstract
Flat foot is a complex three-dimensional skeletal disorder with
multifactorial etiology frequently encountered in evolutionary age,
and tends to resolve spontaneously in adolescence. Despite the high
frequency, there is no precise and universally accepted flat foot
definition due to the absence of clinical and radiographic diagnostic
criteria [1,2]. From the anatomical point of view it is characterized
by:
hyperpronation and valgus of the hindfoot (due to the eversion of the
subtalar joint); abduction and supination of the forefoot and reduction
of the plantar vault. Often the flat foot is associated with brevity of
the achilles tendon. Risk factors are joint laxity, male sex, severe
kneerotation,
and obesity [3]. All children have a flat foot at birth because there is
a fat pad at the base of the foot in order to protect the skeletal
structures. Normally, flat foot resolves at the age of 10, following the
development of the longitudinal medial plantar vault. In some cases
it is also found in adulthood. Morley found a flat foot incidence of 97%
at 2 years, and 4% after 10 years [4]; Staheli, through a study of
800 patients, reports the same incidence and states that it dramatically
reduces between 3 and 6 years [5]. Evans and Harris state that the
incidence of flat foot in the adult is respectively 15% and 20% [6].
Pediatric Pes Planus: A Review by Maria Elena Cucuzza in BJSTR
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