Journals on Medical Microbiology - BJSTR Journal

Abstract

There are over 264 million dairy cows worldwide, producing nearly 600 million tonnes of milk every year. The global average for milk production is approximately 2,200 litres per cow (FAOstat 2012). Around 12.5% of world's #cattle population is present in India with a total cow population of 122.9 million and out of which 19.42 million is exotic/crossbred milch cattle (Livestock census, 2007). As per reports of occurrence of mastitis in dairy animals, it stands at first position because prevalence of mastitis had been reported more than 90% in high yielder crossbred dairy cows [1]. Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland irrespective of causes. It is characterized by physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in the milk and pathological changes in glandular tissues of the mammary gland. According to their epidemiology, mastitis pathogens can be divided into contagious and environmental. The primary reservoir of contagious pathogens is an infected udder whereas a contaminated environment is the primary reservoir of pathogens causing environmental mastitis [2]. #Streptococcus agalactiae, #Staphylococcus aureus and #Mycoplasma spp. are considered as typical contagious pathogens. Typical environmental pathogens are so-called environmental streptococci (Streptococci other than S. #agalactiae such as #Streptococcus uberis; #enterococci), Enterobacteriaceae and coagulase-negative staphylococci [3]. The leading organism is #Staphylococcus aureus, producing acute suppurative, gangrenous, or chronic mastitis depending on the infecting strains. Generally, mastitis can appear in two forms i.e., clinical or overt and sub- clinical or hidden [4]. Sub-clinical mastitis is 15-40 times more prevalent than clinical mastitis and causes high economic losses in most dairy herds. S. aureus is a significant cause of food borne diseases (FBD), causing an estimated 241,000 illnesses per year in the United States [5] FBD impose a great economic burden, accounting for $50-$80 billion annually in "health care costs, lost productivity, and diminished quality of life" in the United States [6,7]. It is estimated that each case of Staphylococcal food borne disease (SFD) costs $695, representing a total cost of $167,597,860 annually in the United States [6].

 

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The Advancements in Mastitis Therapy by Tapas Kumar Sar in BJSTR