Effect of Ultraviolet (uv) Radiation Bonds on Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Dracocephalum Moldavica l.Herb

Introduction

Dracocephalum moldavica is a herbaceous, annual plant originating from southern Siberia and Iran northern (Lahijan, Ahandan Amlash and Rasht). The herbaceous material is sedative and appetizing. Its essential oil has antibacterial properties and is suitable for stomach ache and bloating and it is also used in health, cosmetics and food industries. Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L, Lamiaceae is commonly consumed as a food-related product and as a herbal preparation because of its reputed medicinal properties. Despite its importance, few reports exist in the literature regarding the chemistry or antioxidant activity of this species [1]. The Moldavian dragon’s head (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) is an annual, herbaceous, essential oil-producing, spicy aromatic medicinal plant of the deadnettle family (Lamiaceae), which reaches 25 - 75 cm in height [1]. Its use was reported in West Azerbaijan (Iran) folk medicine as a general tonic, stomachic, digestive, antiemetic, sedative and diaphoretic [2].

Tincture of the dry herb has been used for ages in Uyghur folk medicine to treat heart disease, blood pressure, angina, tracheitis, atherosclerosis, neuralgia, migraine, and headache and toothache [3]. Since the 1970s, 246 compounds, including terpenoids,steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, lignans, phenols, coumarins, and cyanogenicglucosides, have been identified from the genus Dracocephalum, and terpenoids are the dominant constituents within the genus [4,5]. D moldavica contains 0.06–0.92% essential oil, with the maximal level during flowering. Its lemon-like scented essential oil consists mainly of oxygenated acyclic monoterpenes, e.g. geraniol, geranyl acetate, geranial, neral and nerylacetate [6]. Plants sensitive to UV may also respond by accumulating UV-absorbing compounds in their outer tissue layers, which presumably protect sensitive targets from UV damage. The key enzymes in biosynthetic pathways of these compounds have been shown to be specifically induced by UV irradiation via gene activation [7]. UV radiation above ambient may inhibit plant growth, development and reproduction and depress photosynthesis [8-10]. It has been reported that the plant possesses antibacterial, antioxidant and cardioprotective effects.6,7 A recent study showed that D. moldavica also has sedative effect [11]. Although, the D. moldavica was popularly used in traditional medicine for pain relief, there have been no published reports regarding its antinociceptive effect.

As a result of the increase in greenhouse gases, surface temperatures will increase in the near future between 4.18 and 4.1°C. Increasing the temperature of the planet and also increasing the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), reduce the ozone layer and thereby increase the transmission of ultraviolet radiation [12]. UV-A 390-320 nm), although not absorbed by the ozone layer, causes the least damage to living organisms. UV-C bands (280-245 nm) have deleterious effects on living organisms5. The harmful effects of this radiation on plants include reducing the photosynthesis process, decomposing proteins and nucleic acids, oxidative stress, and reducing the amount of photosynthetic pigmentation [13]. UV radiation not only affects physiological and biochemical processes, but also affects the structure of plants. In most plants, altitude reduces leaf area loss, which is a protective mechanism against UV-damaged injuries [14]. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of UV-A and UV-C banding on growth indices, photosynthetic pigmentation rates in herbaceous plant. To achieve maximum heterosis, the researchers searched for the varieties or accessions which were far, in genetic traits, from each other for finding the best parents in each crossing [15].

Materials and Methods

The seeds of the plant were collected from the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Guilan province in Rasht city which cultured from Lahijan and Ahandan regions in Guilan eastern and disinfected with 10% sodium hypochlorite and planted in ductile beds in a bed of sand and soil mixture of 5 to 1. The pots in growth chambers with light period of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness and temperatures between 27 ± 2°C per day and 16 ± 2°C at night were fed daily with a half-strength Hoagland solution They were After 6 weeks, the radiation required for UC-A treatment by two lamps (F20T9 / BL-Hitachi, Japan) and the radiation required for UV-C treatment by a lamp (TUV / G30T8-Philips, Holland) for 10 days and Daily (UV-A for 20 minutes and UV-C for 10 minutes). After removing the specimens, the shoot and root were separated and the weight of each one was measured in grams. The leaf area of the plants was calculated using a scan machine and computer software Flachenberechnung-einer0sw-Grafik (1995-by A. kraf). Chlorophyll a, b and total leaves of control and treated plants The method of Lichtenthaler and Wellurm (1983) was measured. Data analysis was performed by way of ANOVA and the comparison of the mean of the treatments based on Duncan’s multi-domain test using SAS software version 9.2 [16].

Result and Discussion

The results of variance analysis of the studied traits showed that the effect of UV treatment on the measured traits was significant at the probability level of 1% (Table 1). Investigation of UV-treated samples showed that fresh weight of root and shoot in UV-C significantly decreased (Figure 1). Also, dry weight measurements of treatments and control plants showed that this radiation reduced the dry weight of the air and root organs. This decrease in airship was significant especially in UV-C treatment (Figure 1). The weight loss of plants exposed to UV radiation has previously been reported in bean plants [17] and Impatiens capensis [18]. Reducing the photosynthetic process in plants exposed to UV rays is the main cause of dry weight loss. Reduction in dry matter production in rice has been reported due to reduced leaf area and photosynthesis [19]. And respectively represents a significant level at the probability level of 5 and 1percent. Based on the results obtained in this study, UV rays reduced the leaf area of treated plants that significantly decreased UV-C treatment (Figure 1).

Table 1: Analysis of variance of the effect different bands of UV on plant measured characteristics * and ** mean significant at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively.

Figure 1: Effect of different bands of ultraviolet radiation on (A) shoot and root fresh weight, (B) shoot and root dry weight (C) leaf area and (D) chlorophyll a, b and Total. Different letters indicate significant differences (P ˂0.05). Each value is the mean ± SE of three replicate extractions

The highest leaf area was obtained from control treatment and the lowest leaf area was obtained from UV-C treatment. Reduction of leaf area for cotton leaves [20] and Fagopyrum tataricum has also been reported [21]. The main cause of the decrease in leaf area is that UV radiation prevents cell division, and the reduction in cell division due to UV-induced oxidation of tubules is delayed in the formation of microtubules and reduced levels of division, or Prevents the transcription of histone proteins and thereby prevents cell division [6]. Plants sensitive to UV may also respond by accumulating UV-absorbing compounds in their outer tissue layers, which presumably protect sensitive targets from UV damage. The key enzymes in biosynthetic pathways of these compounds have been shown to be specifically induced by UV irradiation via gene activation [18]. The rice plant was affected by the UV-B rays of the chlorophyll a / b ratio, which is due to the fact that UV affects the amount of chloroplast proteins and the permeability of the chloroplast membrane and light-collecting proteins in the PSII reaction center and the rosibosome enzyme It affects [16]. It has also been reported that the reduction of photosynthetic pigmentation against UV rays due to chlorophyll degradation by light and the reduction of the chlorophyll synthesis rate is due to a reduction in the gene expression of chlorophyll-bound protein [15].

In this study, Deracocephalum moldavica L plant was sensitive to various UV bands and its growth indices were affected. Our results also showed that the sensitivity of this plant to UV-C radiation is higher than that of UV-A.

Conclusions

We may conclude about the effects of different bonds on this kind of medicinal plants which also will be used as essential source of disorders towards humans. This saying inform future researching to improve this herb into the in vivo and in vitro conditions. The study shows that Dracocephalum plants are sensitive to UV-C and UV-A with trend to UV-C and this finding give an insight into the physiological and morphological changes during UV exposure and indicate the sensitivity of these plants to UV-C more than UV-A radiation. For farther improvements, we suggest completely focusing on Growth indexes and Chlorophyll to be sureness.

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