COVID-19 and Human Immune System Responses

Introduction

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV, a highly infectious virus that has become a global health challenge since 2020 (Lai, et al. [1]). The virus effects on individual immune can be mild to moderate and severe to some. Immunity is the ability of organisms to protect the body from attacks from particular toxin infections (Yazdanpanah, et al. [2]). The emergence of the SARS-CoV into the human body affects the immunity system. Usually, the body immunity can detect foreign organisms and fight back by releasing antibodies that protect the entry (West, et al. [3]). However, Covid-19 emergence of Covid-19 has led to many research pieces to determine how the immune system and disease correspond. COVID-19 directly or indirectly affects the immune system through the hype inflammatory immune response in patients with underlying conditions. The virus leads to severe Acute Respiratory distress symptoms and organ failure (Abu-Izneid, et al. [4]). SARSCoV- 2 enters the cell through (ACE-2) that is detected by Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) (Ahmadpoor [5]). When the Coronavirus attacks the body, the immune system tries to fight through cytokine storms that have adverse effects and even cause death. The presence of two domains that is S1 and S2, in glycoprotein is responsible for attachment, invasion, and entry to the body (Barcena, et al. [6]). The SARS-CoV interacts with the host cell through the ACE2 and another host called protease TMPRSS2 (Davidson, et al. [7]). The interaction of coronavirus and host cells causes the non-structural proteins that utilize the virulence factors Kumar, et al. [8].

The increased rate of enzymes production within the kidneys, liver, and heart in patients suffering from anemia induces an underlying expression of tissues of the ACE2 receptor (Kuppusamy, et al. [9]). The entry mechanism of both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are almost similar, and the ACE2 receptor binds the glycoprotein with the virus (Yang, et al. [10]). The Toll-Like Receptor-7 senses the interaction and binding responsible for producing inflammatory cytokines (Dyavar, et al. [11]). The secretion of hyper-inflammatory cytokines in various body parts, such as the lungs, causes acute respiratory distress (Lin, et al. [12]). The ACE2 factors are present in some organs, such as the kidneys, the heart cells, epithelial lung cells, and the liver (Deshmukh, et al. [13]). When Coronavirus enters the body, it interferes with multiple receptors that sense the virus, blocking the Ribonucleic acid (RNA). The activation of TLR7 in endosomes secretes alpha-interferon that contributes to the production of antibodies and antigen B specific (Ahmadpoor, et al. [5]). The above action mechanism depends on the adaptive immune response that dominates virus infections and dictates recovery. The effects of Covid-19 on the immune system vary from the individual; some response of antibodies released by white blood cells determines the strength to fight the virus. The human body contains white blood cells that are the key player in maintaining the immune system (da Silveira, et al. [14]). The function of white blood cells is to block entry of harmful toxicity and detect any cell changes because it travels throughout the body in blood cells (Farahinia, et al. [15]).

According to (Wiig [16]) body exchange fluid and cells between the lymphatic and blood vessels to form the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes encounter antigens where foreign organisms, immune cells, and lymphatic vessels enter the nodes (Leong, et al. [17]). The immune cells, foreign antigens, and lymph vessels are transmitted throughout the bloodstream by the blood vessels surveying foreign antigens (Hickey, et al. [18]). The immune cells and the lymphatic vessels then drift back to lymph nodes, where they fight foreign antigens by stimulating antibodies (Chowdhury, et al. [19]). The immune system is ideal for fighting foreign antigens because of its natural body defense mechanism. The entry of the COVID-19 virus slowed down the body’s immunity because the virus is highly inflammatory, and it is the first time it attacks the body; hence, the virus becomes fatal and is likely to cause illness. The effects of the Coronavirus vary from individuals depending on the strength of immunity, the aged, children, and those with underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, pneumonia, and respiratory problems. Since the emergence of COVID-19, the appropriate treatment has not been determined; hence, many researchers have opted for natural cure and prevention measures to help reduce the effects of the virus. Nutrients and supplements perpetuate the healthy immunity from individual dietary patterns (Trujillo-Mayol, et al. [20]).

The individual is responsible for host metabolic status such as diet, lifestyle, and nutrition with the surrounding conditions fosters the clinical and recovery manifestation. Based on diet, there are specific nutrients that individuals should consider taking in plenty to help boost body immunity, such as Vitamins, iron, and other adequate nutrients status (Gasmi, et al. [21]). The Coronavirus less affects strong immunity (Brodin [22]). Proper nutrition and hydration are vital supplements during COVID -19. Eating well balanced makes the body healthier and ensures stronger immune systems that lower the risk of the infectious virus. Thus, individuals are encouraged to eat various fresh and unprocessed foods daily to get adequate vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, protein and antioxidants that the body requires (WHO [23]). In addition, taking plenty of water is also critical in enabling the body to stay hydrated and speeds upmetabolic activities that require more energy. The consumption of a balanced diet and environmental toxins interact with the host (García Bayona, et al. [24]). The Microbiota speeds up the interaction between the host and the linings to various organs such as lungs, liver, heart etc. The barrier lining creates integrates antimicrobial peptides that protect the internal environment from microbial translocation and secretion of protective mucous. The other natural prevention of COVID-19 is regular exercise enhances the body’s physical fitness and eradicates the developing diseases that might speed up the virus infections (Matricardi, et al. [25]). COVID-19 is mild when it interacts with ill patients having underlying conditions; hence, physical exercise helps regulate blood sugar body pressure and enhance metabolic functions.

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